Browse Cases

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British Ramblers campaign for greater access to right of ways and the right to roam (1985-2000)

Country
United Kingdom
Time period
Fall, 1985 to 30 November, 2000
Classification
Change
Defense
Cluster
Democracy
Environment
Total points
9 out of 10 points
Name of researcher, and date dd/mm/yyyy
Zach Lytle, 16/05/19

The enclosure system involved fencing off plots of arable land. The land would then be deeded to an individual or group of owners who could use it as they saw fit. Despite slowly losing access to the commons, commoners preserved their access to rights of ways (the right to pass through someone else’s or public property on a specific path), even those now enclosed on private land, through the countryside. Foot paths, roads, carriageways, and trails were considered highways to which all individuals had the right of way.

West Indians of Bristol boycott buses, end racial discrimination in hiring, UK, 1963

Country
United Kingdom
Time period
29 April, 1963 to 28 August, 1963
Classification
Change
Cluster
Democracy
Human Rights
Total points
9 out of 10 points
Name of researcher, and date dd/mm/yyyy
Kerry Robinson 02/24/2014

Many West Indian settled in England during the 1960’s due to looser immigration restrictions. In Southwest England West Indians easily found menial jobs in Bristol, but found themselves shut out of higher positions. It was hardly a secret that the Bristol Omnibus Company constantly turned away black and Asian applicants for drivers and conductors, but neither management nor the union, the Transport and General Worker’s Union, seemed interested in dealing with the “colour bar”.

Manchester workers campaign for economic equality and political representation (Peterloo Massacre), 1817-1820

Country
United Kingdom
Time period
March, 1817 to Spring, 1820
Classification
Change
Cluster
Democracy
Economic Justice
Total points
3 out of 10 points
Name of researcher, and date dd/mm/yyyy
Nicholas V. Dirago, 04/11//2011

The economic plight of the people of Manchester in the early eighteenth century was rooted in three major historical developments: the Industrial Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and the Corn Laws of 1804. The first solidified an enormous and conspicuous gap between rich and poor, leaving Manchester’s lower classes—mostly spinners and weavers of cotton—to grapple with unemployment, poverty, hunger, and heavy reliance on social welfare. It also contributed to an unprecedented boom in population (Manchester’s quintupled in four decades).

British workers strike for better wages and political reform (“The Plug Plot Riots”), 1842

Country
United Kingdom
Time period
July 18, 1842 to September, 1842
Classification
Change
Defense
Cluster
Democracy
Total points
6 out of 10 points
Name of researcher, and date dd/mm/yyyy
William Lawrence, 24/09/2010

The Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain’s upper classes and in the process created a new industrial working class.  To this class belonged, in 1842, 350,000 textile workers, 120,000 coal miners, and 400,000 metal workers.   Most of these laborers lived in the coal-rich counties of Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire and Staffordshire in western Britain.  Far from sharing in the newfound industrial wealth of their employers, however, workers endured abysmal working conditions, unpredictable wages, and no job security.  The constant advancement of technolo

British citizens protest apartheid South African sports tours (Stop the Seventy Tour), 1969-1970

Country
United Kingdom
Time period
1969 to 1970
Classification
Defense
Change
Cluster
Democracy
Human Rights
National/Ethnic Identity
Total points
10 out of 10 points
Name of researcher, and date dd/mm/yyyy
Anthony Phalen, 09/09/2009, and Alexa Ross, 19/09/2010

The world voiced its opposition to the National Party’s apartheid government ruling in South Africa in a new way in 1964. International sports tours and matches had become a focal point of cultural identity for whites in South Africa. Victories, to them, demonstrated a kind of symbolic power of white South Africa. White elite South Africa was considered “sports mad.” Once this became apparent to other countries in objection to the political state of South Africa, they found a way to use the situation to send a message.