Goals
"Prevent a return to violence in the communities during elections" (Regan, Cassidy)
Time period
Country
Location City/State/Province
Location Description
Methods in 1st segment
- Observation/Monitoring, Text message reporting
Methods in 3rd segment
- Observation/Monitoring, Text message reporting
Methods in 5th segment
- Observation/Monitoring, Text message reporting
- Presence
Methods in 6th segment
- Observation/Monitoring, Text message reporting
Segment Length
Leaders
Partners
External allies
Involvement of social elites
Opponents
Nonviolent responses of opponent
Campaigner violence
Repressive Violence
Cluster
Classification
Group characterization
Groups in 1st Segment
Groups in 3rd Segment
Groups in 5th Segment
Groups in 6th Segment
Segment Length
Success in achieving specific demands/goals
Survival
Growth
Total points
Database Narrative
Normal.dotm
0
0
1
645
3678
Bryn Mawr College
30
7
4516
12.0
0
false
18 pt
18 pt
0
0
false
false
false
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
As Kenyans prepared for their democratic election to take
place on the 4th of March, 2013, they remembered the last time they
went to the polls in 2007. The
2007 Presidential elections ended in violence where an estimated 1000 died and 350,000
were displaced. However, since then, Kenya made changes to its constitution. One of the most significant changes
supported by Kenyans, is the new political boundaries that were drawn, creating
47 counties around ethnic and clan lines.
The government identified 27 of the new counties as particularly
ethnically divisive. Because of
this remaining division, the Government raised concerns regarding the potential
for ethnic violence in the upcoming elections. Furthermore Kenyans were keeping
a close watch since Uhuru Kenyatta (Kikuyu) and Raila Odinga (Luo) were running
in the 2013 Presidential elections and there was a long-standing history of
conflict between their two ethnic groups.
Kenyans organized themselves to serve as citizen reporters
at the polling stations during the upcoming 2013 elections. The presence of citizen reporters would
remind Kenyans that they were being watched. As partners in the campaign, Laura Chico spokesperson for
Quaker Peace and Social Witness and Cassidy Regan from Friends Committee on
National Legislation, articulated that their organizations held a similar goal
of a peaceful, open, and fair electoral process.
Kenyans were registering to vote at their polling stations
in December 2012. During this
time, 200 Kenyans volunteered as citizen reporters after they attended training
sessions provided by African Great Lakes Initiative. Citizens reported from polling stations if they witnessed
any indications of violence. They sent text messages from various polling
stations to the call-in center established by African Great Lakes Initiative. The third-party organization indicated
that no violence had been reported and all those who were in line for
registration by 5pm were allowed to register.
Following the registration, nominations for the various
elective positions were taking place. On 17 January 2013 citizen reporters observed the nominations
for the various elective positions that took place in their communities. Observers reported the late delivery of
ballot papers, bribery during the nominations, and frustration as people waited
in line to cast their vote.
At another nomination election, on 17th of February 2013, voters
in Turbo waited in line for the doors to open to the polling center. The citizen reporter Benter Obonyo was
charged with monitoring the voting in Turbo, a town that experienced post-election
violence in 2008. As people waited,
Benter witnessed the tension growing. She took action by texting her concern to
Friends Committee of National Legislation and African Great Lakes Initiatives’
Call-in Center. Before support
staff arrived, Benter phoned the call-in center to find out what was causing
the delay. She then addressed the
crowed to explain that there was a delay in delivering the ballots and urged
the crowd to be patient. This calmed the crowd. With this interjection, Benter
went beyond simply reporting the potential of violence to actively preventing
it from happening.
On the 4th of March2013, the
Presidential Election Day, an estimated 10,000 observers monitored and reported
the events occurring at the polling stations throughout the country. Representatives
from international groups, including the Carter Center from the United States,
European Union and the African Union, joined Kenyan Citizens. The citizens and their allies reported
by sending text messages to both the African Great Lakes Initiative call-in
center and to Uchaguzi, a monitoring software system.
Uchaguzi placed the messages that were sent by observers on
election day in the following incident categories “Polling station logistical
issues” 35%, voting irregularities 30%, voter bribing and harassment 15%, “everything
is fine” 12% and insecurity 8%. An overview provided by Uchaguzi on 7 March indicated
that some voters did threaten violence and arson. However, in the end, much of
the frustration reported over the course of the Election Day resulted from technical
problems with the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission systems. The African Great Lakes Initiatives
indicated that there had been no election-related violence and the election
experience of 2013 was incomparable to the 2008 elections.
Sources
Citizens, “Uchaguzi Protect the Vote: Kenya 2013 - March 7 Uchaguzi Overview,” Last modified November 10, http://visuals.uchaguzi.co.ke
Chico, Laura Shipler. (March 10, 2013) Building Locally Driven Movements – a case of Turning the Tide in Kenya. Retrieved from: http://wri-irg.org/node/21346
Friends Committee on National Legislation. (March 1, 2013). Quakers Mobilize to Promote Peace Before and After the Kenyan Election. Retrieved from: http://fcnl.org/press/Quaker_Press_Release_Kenyan_Elections/
Genocide Prevention Program. (April 11, 2013). African Great Lakes Initiative Report on Observation of March 2013 Kenya National Elections. Retrieved from: http://www.genprev.net/2013/04/11/african-great-lakes-initiative-report-on-observation-of-march-2013-kenyan-national-elections/
Genocide Prevention Program. (April 13, 2013). Kenya: Violence Averted, Peace still Needed Retrieved from: http://www.genprev.net/2013/04/12/kenya-violence-averted-peace-still-needed/
Ground Truth Initiative. (May 2, 2013). Citizen election reporting in Kenya: A failure of technology duplication, or a breakthrough in online-offline collaboration? Retrieved from: http://groundtruth.in/2013/05/02/citizen-election-reporting-in-kenya/
Heather Leson, “Uchaguzi – Kenya elections 2013,” Last modified April 24, 2013, https://wiki.ushahidi.com/display/WIKI/Uchaguzi+-+Kenyan+Elections+2013
Peace Ways AGLI (Spring 2013) Volume vIII Issue 1: 1-11 Retrieved from: http://aglifpt.org/publications/peaceways/spring2013/pwspr13pdf.pdf
Quakers in Britain. (n.d.). Kenya: Nonviolent Social Action. Retrieved from: http://www.quaker.org.uk/kenya
Regan, Cassidy. (2013). Kenya: Friends Committee on National Legislation. Retrieved from: http://fcnl.org/issues/kenya/
Reporter (March 6, 2013) Poll observers laud Kenya elections. Daily Nation. Retrieved from:http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Poll-observers-laud-Kenya-elections-/-/1064/1712978/-/h79m6vz/-/index.html